What Happened at Sea During World War I

Before World War I,  Europe’s Great Powers assumed that a short land war would be matched by a short sea war, where fleets of large heavily armed Dreadnoughts would fight set-piece battles. In fact, once the war began and was seen to drag on longer than anticipated, it became apparent that the navies were needed for guarding supplies and enforcing blockades - tasks suitable for small vessels - rather than risking everything in a large confrontation. Early War Britain debated what to do with its navy, with some keen to go on the attack in the North Sea, slashing German supply routes and trying for active victory. Others, who won, argued for a low key role, avoiding losses from major attacks in order to keep the fleet alive as a Damoclean sword hanging over Germany; they would also enforce a blockade at distance. On the other hand, Germany faced the question of what to do in response. Attacking the British blockade, which was far enough away to put Germany’s supply lines to the test and comprised of a larger number of ships, was hugely risky. The spiritual father of the fleet, Tirpitz, wanted to attack; a strong counter group, who favored smaller, needle-like probes which were supposed to slowly weaken the Royal Navy, won. The Germans also decided to use their submarines. The result was little in the way of major direct confrontation in the North Sea, but skirmishes between the belligerents around the world, including in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean and Pacific. While there were some notable failures – allowing German ships to reach the Ottomans and encourage their entry into the war, a thrashing near Chile, and a German ship loose in the Indian Ocean – Britain wiped the world sea clear of German ships. However, Germany was able to keep their trade routes with Sweden open, and the Baltic saw tensions between Russia – reinforced by Britain – and Germany. Meanwhile, in the Mediterranean Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman forces were outnumbered by the French, and later Italy, and there was little major action. Jutland 1916 In 1916 part of the German naval command finally persuaded their commanders to go on the offensive, and a portion of the German and British fleets met on May 31st at the Battle of Jutland. There were roughly two hundred and fifty ships of all sizes involved, and both sides lost ships, with the British losing more tonnage and men. There is still debate over who actually won: Germany sunk more, but had to retreat, and Britain might have won a victory had they pressed. The battle revealed great design errors on the British side, including inadequate armor and munitions which couldn’t penetrate German armor. After this, both sides demurred from another large battle between their surface fleets. In 1918, angry at the surrender of their forces, the German naval commanders planned a final great naval attack. They were stopped when their forces rebelled at the thought. The Blockades and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Britain intended to try and starve Germany into submission by cutting as many seaborne supply lines as possible, and from 1914 – 17 this only had a limited effect on Germany. Many neutral nations wanted to keep trading with all the belligerents, and this included Germany. The British government got into diplomatic problems over this, as they kept seizing ‘neutral’ ships and goods, but over time they learned to better deal with the neutrals and come to agreements which limited German imports. The British blockade was most effective in 1917 – 18 when the US joined the war and allowed the blockade to be increased, and when harsher measures were taken against the neutrals; Germany now felt the losses of key imports. However, this blockade was dwarfed in importance by a German tactic which finally pushed the US into the war: Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (USW). Germany embraced submarine technology: the British had more submarines, but the Germans were larger, better and capable of independent offensive operations. Britain didn’t see the use and threat of submarines until it was nearly too late. While German submarines couldn’t easily sink the British fleet, which had ways of arranging their different sizes of ships to protect them, the Germans believed they could be used to effect a blockade of Britain, effectively trying to starve them out of the war. The problem was that submarines could only sink ships, not seize them without violence as the British navy was doing. Germany, feeling that Britain was pushing the legalities with their blockade, began to sink any and all supply ships heading for Britain. The US complained, and German back peddled, with some German politicians pleading for the navy to select their targets better. Germany still managed to cause huge losses at sea with their submarines, which were being produced faster than Britain could either make them or sink them. As Germany monitored British losses, they debated whether Unrestricted Submarine Warfare could make such an impact that it would force Britain into surrender. It was a gamble: people argued USW would cripple Britain within six months, and the US - who would inevitably enter the war should Germany restart the tactic – wouldn’t be able to supply enough troops in time to make a difference. With German generals like Ludendorff supporting the notion that the US couldn’t get sufficiently organized in time, Germany made the fateful decision to opt for USW from February 1st, 1917.​ At first unrestricted submarine warfare was very successful, bringing British supplies of key resources like meat to just a few weeks and prompting the head of the navy to announce in exasperation that they could not go on. The British even planned to expand from their attack at 3rd Ypres (Passchendaele) to attack submarine bases. But the Royal Navy found a solution they previously hadn’t used for decades: grouping merchant and military ships in a convoy, one screening the other. Although the British were initially loathe to use convoys, they were desperate, and it proved amazingly successful, as the Germans lacked the number of submarines needed to tackle the convoys. Losses to German submarines plummeted and the US joined the war. Overall, by the time of the armistice in 1918, German submarines had sunk over 6000 ships, but it was not enough: as well as supplies, Britain had moved a million imperial troops around the world with no loss (Stevenson, 1914 – 1918, p. 244) . It has been said that the stalemate of the Western Front was doomed to hold until one side made a terrible blunder; if this was true, USW was that blunder. Effect of the Blockade The British blockade was successful in reducing German imports, even if it didn’t seriously affect Germany’s ability to fight until the end. However, German civilians certainly suffered as a result, although there is debate over whether anyone actually starved in Germany. What was perhaps as important as these physical shortages were the psychologically crushing effects on the German people of the changes to their lives which resulted from the blockade.

Human Trafficking Sex Slaves - 788 Words

â€Å"It’s impossible to protect all girls from guys like I was, because that’s what we do. We eat, drink and sleep, thinking of ways to trick young girls into doing what we want them to do† (Knapp). This chilling quote from a short documentary is the exact words from an ex-pimp. Human trafficking, as defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is â€Å"organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited (as by being forced into prostitution or involuntary labor).† This definition does not cover the ways in which people are brought into this chaos; persuasion, some forced, and some even grow up in that environment. Most Americans know it as is international problem that does not affect them; some†¦show more content†¦The video goes on to talk about how these men and women find and sell these children and women. Amber goes over the different places online that pimps use to sell their women. She goes in-depth on the detailing of the ads that suggests these women are young and possibly even minors. Ms. Lyon goes as far as posting her own ads and seeing just how far these men are willing to go. The video is very well produced and directed. When the mood is intense the scenery and music lines up with the intense mood. When the mood is gloomy and depressing the music and the transition effects added to the video add tons of emotional feedback from their audience. When Amber was talking to women about being sold for sex, many would begin crying thinking about the terrible history and things they had to go through. During times like these the camera would zoom in on the faces of these women and give the audience a perfect view of the pain and agony on the faces of these women. The majority of the video is gloomy and sad. Many times during the viewing of this film I got chills thinking about the horrendous things these women and children experienced. The video has had 269,759 view on YouTube alone. Websites like Craigslist and Backpage get away with having these adult links because they have a policy that says there site is not to be used for prostitution and you have to agree to the terms when posting your ad. It is not illegal to be anShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Problem: The Sex Slave Industry Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesmentioned subject, the sex trade proving once again that man sees vulnerability as an advantage; an easy opportunity to make money. Statistics published in the Sex Slaves article, indicate a substantial growth of trafficked victims worldwide. As many as 600,000 to 800,000 people are trafficked across international borders each year. The sex trade refers to the illegal selling and buying of human beings who are then either sexually exploited and/or used as domestic slaves. This gruesome crime againstRead MoreSlavery in History713 Words   |  3 Pagesslavery affected many people for the good and the bad. The economy and plant ation owners were affected in the act of slavery. You should be informed that, how slavery affected the United States, how does human trafficking collide with slavery, and the living conditions of the slavery and human trafficking. Slavery did not only affect the United States, but also the economy of the United States. The only states with African slavery, were Maryland and Virginia, becoming foundation of the Southern agrarianRead MoreEssay about Sex Trafficking: How Can We Make It Stop?1158 Words   |  5 PagesSex Trafficking: How Can We Make It Stop? Introduction Sex trafficking is a problem that is happening and occurring all over the world. Many families and individuals suffer due to sex trafficking. Many people are not even aware of what it really is. Sex trafficking is when young girls, as young as five or six, get kidnapped and are used for the sexual pleasure of others with a profit, or are sold as sex slaves to other people. The official definition is, â€Å"Human sex trafficking is a form of slaveryRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Common Issue For A Long Time1394 Words   |  6 Pages Sex trafficking can happen everywhere. People do not even realize when it is happening. Someone could be living their life, just as they normally do, and decided to go to the mall. Sometimes they may not even know that a little kid is going to be kidnapped, and later raped. This is what sex trafficking is. Sex trafficking is commonly defined as when violence, drugs, lies, or any other form of coercion is used to force another person to have sex against the ir will. (Sex Trafficking in the U.S, 1)Read MoreThe Issue of Human Trafficking1512 Words   |  7 Pagesslavery† is the illegal trade of human beings for forced labor and exploitation; referring to using others for sexual exploitation, organ trafficking, and forced labor. This international crime is happening all around us and little to nothing is being done by governments. â€Å"Roughly two hundred thousand slaves are working here in America† (Madox). So the land of the free, well, it might not be so free after all. Coming in second after drug trafficking, â€Å"human trafficking generates about 35 billion dollarsRead MoreThe Issue Of Sex Trafficking1275 Words   |  6 Pages For thousands of years women and children, boys and girls have been sold into unwilling slavery. In 1927, the League of Nations was founded, this organization was formed to focus on world peace and it also focused on human trafficking. In 1932, Japan had set up a system where women all across Asia were forced into sexual slavery. The women were housed in what were known as comfort stations. The conditions in these stations were atrocious, with each woman detained in a small cubicle, and receivedRead More Human Trafficking Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Trafficking is the unlawful trade of human beings for various purposes such as reproductive slavery or sex slavery. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC] protocol on trafficking, â€Å"Trafficking in Persons is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception , of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receivingRead MoreThe Global Impact Of Human Trafficking1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global impact of Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a global issue that receives very little attention throughout the modern world; this issue effects every country on the global and all different types of cultures. Hillary Clinton said in 2009 â€Å"Trafficking thrives in the shadows, and it can be easy to dismiss it as something that happens to someone else, in somewhere else, but that is not the case. Trafficking is a crime that involves every nation on earth, and that includes our own.† (BehnkeRead MoreHuman Trafficking: Modern Day Slavery Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Trafficking is a horrendous crime that takes advantage of people through the illegal trading of human beings for purposes of forced labor, and commercial sexual/child exploitation. Traffickers tend to prey on the vulnerable, those who want a better life, have little or no employment opportunities, very unstable, and have a history of sexual abuse. With this being popular in society, anyone can easily become a victim. By being an undocumented immigrant, runaway and homeless youth, and a victimRead MoreThe Depravity Of Humanity : Global Human Trafficking1257 Words   |  6 PagesHumanity â€Å"Global human trafficking is big business† (Gale, Cengage Learning). This quote in of itself warrants a deep seated fear and revulsion. But it is also true. Human trafficking is not exactly a new thing; it is as old as humanity itself. That is why Prostitution is considered the world’s oldest profession because it has been around since the birth of humanity. Also, the following sentence quote shows the age of human trafficking. â€Å"What may surprise those who think of trafficking as a recent

Self Case - Student Educational Loan Fund, Inc. - 6103 Words

Case 2: Analysis of Alternatives Student Educational Loan Fund, Inc. Institution: University Gadjah Mada Program: Master of Management Course: Risk Management Tutor: Mrs. Erni Ekawati, PhD. Title: Case 2: Analysis of Options Subtitle: Student Educational Loan Fund, Inc. Date: November 17, 2008 Place: Yogyakarta Authors: Martin Koopman Doddy Handaryadi Anindito Prabowo Gumirlang Wicaksono Introduction This report describes the situation which Rick Melnick faces in the fall of 1995, when assuming the responsibilities as Associate Director of Financial Management at Harvard Business School (HBS) (Ekawati, 2008). Rick had to oversee the Student Educational Loan fund (SELF), analyze a change of plans and†¦show more content†¦In the future, SELF will be able to set limits on their cost of debt, by using some of the available alternatives (see next chapter). Furthermore, we know that the limits on the debt ratio are 4 to 1, in comparison with the net worth of SELF. Interpreting this, we assume that SELF may have a maximum of 80% debt, with 20% equity in their capital structure (4 to 1). The current Prime-rate is 8,75% and will be used as a basis to calculate the possible WACC for SELF. Assuming that the debt rates are before tax, we will subtract a tax rate of 30% on the debt rates, resulting in: WACC = {(D/E+D)*[Cd*(1-0,30)] + (E/E+D)*(Ce)} (Saunders Cornett, 2008) WACC max (with 100% equity) = {(0/100)*[8,75*(0,70)] + (100/100)*(10)} = 10% WACC min (with 80% debt) = {(80/100)*[8,75*(0,70)] + (20/100)*(10)} = 6,9% Since SELF will still be exposed to a default risk of some percentage (lets say 1,00% instead of 1,40%) and we believe that it is unlikely that SELF will ever reach an equity level of 100%, we think that the WACC should be adjusted to show a more realistic number. For example, historically the Prime-rate or LIBOR has also reach levels of approximately 10% (Ekawati, 2008), thereby increasing the minimum WACC to about 10%. Although this situation is less likely, since SELF is a non-profit organization, we believe it should include these scenarios into their calculation of WACC as well. If we then also includeShow MoreRelatedSelf Case - Student Educational Loan Fund, Inc.6096 Words   |  25 PagesCase 2: Analysis of Alternatives Student Educational Loan Fund, Inc. Institution: University Gadjah Mada Program: Master of Management Course: Risk Management Tutor: Mrs. Erni Ekawati, PhD. Title: Case 2: Analysis of Options Subtitle: Student Educational Loan Fund, Inc. Date: November 17, 2008 Place: Yogyakarta Authors: Martin Koopman Doddy Handaryadi Anindito Prabowo Gumirlang Wicaksono Introduction This report describes the situation whichRead MoreStudent Education Loan Fund, Inc (Abridge)1409 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Education Loan Fund, Inc (Abridge) Introduction Background of case Study Rick Melnick is an Associate Director of Financial Management at Harvard Business School (HBS). 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Restraint, Weight Suppression, and Self

Restraint, Weight Suppression, and Self-Report Rel Essay iability: How Much DIn the analytical report entitled Restraint, Weight Suppression, and Self-Report Reliability: How Much Do You Really Weigh? By P.J. Morgan and D. B. Jeffrey, they look at the eating habits of people and categorize them as three types of people. Those categories are Dieting and Overeating group, Current Dieting, and Weight Suppression. The Dieting/Overeating group consists of individuals who undergo repetitive cycles of dieting and overeating,(Morgan, 1999). They have the appearance of a diet, but overeat every once in a while to make up for it and to fulfill food desires. The Current Dieting group encompasses those who consider themselves to be currently on a diet and who consume less food than what is required than what is required for maintenance of their current weight, (Morgan, 1999). They are ones that eat small portions of food and starve themselves to keep their weight down or to lose weight. This can also be categorized as anorexia nervosa, a clinical eating disorder that afflicts primarily women. The last category is the Weight Suppressors, who successfully lost weight and have kept it off for some time, (Morgan, 1999). These people have lost the weight by some means and have kept the weight off by adopting better eating and exercise habits. The groups were split into two groups, the control group and the variable group. The experiment was to see what the effects would be on each type of person in the variable group when enticed with a milkshake Preload which tastes better than a regular milkshake and is higher in fat and calories. The control group would not receive the Preload shake so the experimenters could monitor normal reactions of persons from each group. The result was the Preload group ate more than the control group regardless of their category. The authors concluded that the dieting and appetite suppression is a mental game of the person and is only as strong as their own conscience and taste. However, that is only one way to look at the information. The structural functionalist perspective focuses on the manifest and latent reasons for dieting. The manifest reason a person to diet is to look better physically. Physical acceptability is very important to people, both male and female alike. It is a part of out status as a human and gives value to our appearance as well. The latent function is to make ourselves healthier inside and out, by improving our immune system and eliminating cholesterol from our blood vessel, which could cause blockage. The functionalist sees dieting as a superficial task only to be used to change our outward appearance to gain respect and admiration from others. The conflict perspective shows losing weight and dieting as a sort of contest between all members of society. They see the people with thin, healthy bodies and compare them selves to them. The healthy people with thin bodies are the Physical Bourgeoisies, and those without are the Physical Proletariat. Those who have a healthy, good looking body and those without are at constant conflict with each other to be the most desirable around; that is where the dieting comes in. Men and women alike do it mainly for competition for mates. Women see men ogling models in Victoria Secret commercials and then try to become that. Men too see male models and feel intimidated by a better physique. Men however do not see this as an opportunity to feel bad about themselves; they see it as a threat that must be defeated. The best ways for a man to do this is become what he is competing with, and then better. The physical aspects are seen as the determining factor for what kind of mate a person can get. .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df , .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .postImageUrl , .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df , .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df:hover , .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df:visited , .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df:active { border:0!important; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df:active , .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7d8827f797e5f577b8cfc785610440df:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sickle Cell Disease Essay The better the body, the better the mate, or so the legend tells us.The symbolic interactionist view dieting as a self-improvement for a persons confidence and their self-image and a diet is what improves both. They take Charles Horton Cooleys Looking Glass Self therom and apply that to themselves everyday and those who diet do not like what they see. They see themselves as not being good enough for the opposite sex or other